Series 920, 922RX, 922LX, 922, 932, 948, and 958 Systems [ General Information Manual ] MPE/iX 5.0 Documentation
General Information Manual
Series 920, 922RX, 922LX, 922, 932, 948, and 958 Systems
These HP 3000 900 Series systems--including memory, disk storage, and
tape backup devices--are each contained in a compact, integrated package
about the size of a two-drawer file cabinet, which easily fits into any
office environment without special power or environmental requirements.
These systems provide attractive upgrades for existing systems. As
system demand increases, simple board-swap, field upgrades provide more
performance and expanded system configurability.
All the HP 3000 900 Series systems run the MPE/XL operating system. The
entry member Series 920 supports up to 20 logged-on users, while the
top-of-the line Series 958 provides 8.5 times the performance and
supports up to 600 users. Taking advantage of PA-RISC and VLSI
technology, each is implemented cost-effectively as a single-chip CPU on
a single processor board. These systems offer state-of-the-art
technology in reliable, high-performance peripherals including an
advanced digital data storage (DDS) tape backup unit, which provides
high-speed, cost-effective backup. Each DDS cartridge provides 1.3
Gbytes of data storage, or up to 5 Gbytes on a single 120 minute tape
with HP TurboSTORE/XL software data compression. These large storage
capacities allow many system configurations to be backed up on a single
cartridge, eliminating the need for an operator to be present during
backup operations. These HP 3000 900 Series systems support up to 2.7
Gbytes of integrated disk storage through next-generation high-capacity
disk technology. With external disks, the Series 958 supports up to 34.8
Gbytes of storage.
Click here to view figure.
Figure 2-12. HP 3000 Series 948 Package
Configuration Maximums
920 922LX 922RX 922 932 948 958
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Performance x 920 1.0 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.7 6.0 8.5
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Memory (Mbytes) 56 128 128 128 128 256 256
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User license 20 32 64 UL* 64/UL* 64/UL* UL*
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Workstations connected 48 152 152 152 250 400 600
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Disks 10 10 10 10 18 28 28
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Integrated disk storage 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7
(Gbytes)
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Disk storage (Gbytes) 12 12 12 12 22 34.8 34.8
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Tape drives 4 4 4 4 4 5 5
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System printers 4 4 4 4 6 8 8
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Channel I/O buses 1 1 1 1 1 3 3
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* UL = unlimited user license
Major features
* Single chip VLSI CPU; single board processor
* Integrated 670-Mbyte disk drive expandable to 2.7-Gbytes internal
storage
* Integrated DDS tape backup unit with 1.3 Gbytes per cartridge--up
to 5 Gbytes with HP TurboSTORE/XL software data compression
* 48-bit virtual addressing (Series 920, 922LX, 922RX, 922, 932)
* 64-bit virtual addressing (Series 948 and 958)
* High-performance floating-point coprocessor (in software for
Series 920; optional on Series 948 and 958)
* Battery backup, automatic powerfail recovery standard
* Standard office power and cooling requirements; compact packaging
* MPE/XL operating system
System organization
The processor communicates with memory and I/O using the HP Precision
Bus. The HP Precision Bus provides a 32-bit data path and can support
data transfer rates of 20 Mbytes per second. The Precision Bus supports
up to three PSI cards on the Series 920, 922, and 932, allowing HP 3000
900 Series systems to be linked to IBM using Bisync and SNA and to other
HP 3000 computers in a point-to-point network. The Series 948 and 958
both support up to five PSI cards. The Precision Bus is interfaced to a
separate 16-bit wide channel I/O bus (CIB) using a CIB adapter. The CIB
supports I/O interfaces to peripheral devices and data communication
links. The following table compares features of the different HP 3000
intermediate processors.
See figure 2-15 for the HP 3000 Series 920 system structure.
Features Comparison
920 922 932 948 958
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Performance x 920 1.0 1.6 2.7 6.0 8.5
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Virtual addressing 48 bit 48 bit 48 bit 64 bit 64 bit
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CPU cycle time 62.5 ns 80 ns 67 ns 36 ns 20 ns
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CPU data cache 64 Kb 32 Kb 128 Kb 512 Kb 512 Kb
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CPU instruction cache 64 Kb 32 Kb 128 Kb 512 Kb 512 Kb
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Total cache 128 Kb 64 Kb 256 Kb 1024 Kb 1024 Kb
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Pipelining 4 stage 3 stage 3 stage 5 stage 5 stage
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TLB on chip (CPU) -- -- -- 64 64
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External TLB entries 64 4K 4K 8K 8K
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Click here to view figure.
Figure 2-13. HP 3000 Series 948, 958 Processor
Cache
The CPU cache is a high-speed buffer that minimizes the number of
relatively slow transactions with main memory. Cache access can provide
up to an order of magnitude faster access than main memory. Data
modified in the cache is written to memory only when the processor
requires more data to be read into cache, when a direct memory access
(DMA) operation is performed, or upon a power failure. One of the
primary differences between the different members of the HP 3000
intermediate family is the size of their CPU caches.
Instruction pipelining
Instruction pipelining maximizes the use of processor resources by
operating on multiple instructions simultaneously, which allows the
execution of one instruction each CPU clock cycle. Separate instruction
and execution units facilitate instruction pipelining and provide
efficient, parallel use of processor resources.
The Series 920 employs a four-stage instruction pipeline that operates on
four instructions simultaneously. Each stage takes one CPU cycle and
each instruction is processed in four stages: fetch, decode, execute,
and store. The net effect is that, except for penalties such as cache
misses (which occur infrequently), one instruction completes (exits the
pipeline) every CPU cycle.
The Series 922 and 932 use a three-stage instruction pipeline. While one
instruction is fetched, another instruction is executed, and the result
of a third instruction is stored.
The Series 948 and 958 employ a five-stage instruction pipeline: fetch,
decode, execute, set condition codes, and store results.
Floating-point coprocessor
For scientific, engineering, and statistical applications that require
high performance in floating-point calculations, the Series 922 and 932
come equipped with a hardware coprocessor that significantly accelerates
floating-point calculations. The floating-point coprocessor is optional
on the Series 948 and 958. The Series 920 provides floating-point
operations in software.
The floating-point coprocessor supports single (32-bit) and double
(64-bit) precision floating-point operands of the ANSI/IEEE 754-1985
standard. The floating-point coprocessor and the CPU operate in
parallel, with the CPU performing integer calculations and other
functions while the coprocessor performs floating-point calculations.
This parallel operation helps provides a high level of performance for
applications that require floating-point calculations.
Virtual memory management
To ensure sufficient expandability to meet growing software needs, HP
PA-RISC virtual addresses on the Series 920, 922, and 932 are
48 bits in length, and on the Series 958 and 948 they are 64 bits.
PA-RISC divides virtual memory into 65,536 spaces on the Series 920, 922,
and 932 and into over four billion spaces on the Series 948 and 958. A
space is 4 Gbytes. Each space is further divided into fixed-length
2-Kbyte pages. A single page can contain either code or data.
Virtual address translation
Because virtual addresses are much larger than physical or real
addresses, virtual-to-physical address translation is required. A
high-speed RAM buffer called the translation lookaside buffer (TLB)
optimizes this task. The TLB can be considered to be a table that holds
the most recently referenced virtual addresses and their corresponding
physical addresses.
When a virtual-to-physical address translation occurs, the TLB checks to
ensure that the currently executing process has sufficient page access
authorization to perform the requested read, write, or execute access.
If the address is not in the TLB, a
hashing scheme is used to find the required code or data in main memory.
If the instruction or data is on a page that is not in main memory, a
page fault occurs, and the required page is copied from disk. Together,
the TLB and hashing scheme provide a very fast and efficient means for
retrieving code and data from main memory and disk.
Memory subsystem
The main memory capacities of these HP 3000 900 Series systems are shown
in the table below. Memory is supplied in 8-, 16-, or 32-Mbyte
increments. The 8-Mbyte boards use 1-Mbit fast-page dynamic RAMS, while
the 16- and 32-Mbyte boards use 4-Mbit fast-page dynamic RAMs. Main
memory has battery backup to ensure that information is maintained for a
minimum of 15 minutes in the event of an interruption in AC power.
Automatic powerfail recovery allows the operating system to be restarted
and processing to continue without data loss, upon resumption of power.
Error correcting code (ECC) memory is standard on all 900 Series systems.
Single-bit errors are automatically detected and corrected to ensure data
integrity. Multibit errors are automatically detected, and a
high-priority interrupt is sent to the system software for appropriate
action.
System Standard memory Expansion increments Maximum Memory
(Mbytes) (Mbytes) (Mbytes)
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920 24 8, 16, and 32 56
922LX 24 8, 16, and 32 128
922RX 32 8, 16, and 32 128
922 32 8, 16, and 32 128
932 32 8, 16, and 32 128
948 64 8, 16, and 32 256
958 96 8, 16, and 32 256
Subsystems
Buses
The HP 3000 Series 920 through 958 systems employ a two-level bus
hierarchy for high-performance I/O throughput--the precision bus and the
channel I/O bus.
Click here to view figure.
Figure 2-14. HP 3000 Series 920 System Structure
Precision bus
The precision bus is the communication path between the CPU, main memory,
and the channel adapters. The precision bus provides a 32-bit data path,
runs synchronously with an 8-MHz clock, and supports an average data
transfer rate of 20 Mbytes per second.
In addition, the precision bus directly supports a PSI card to provide
point-to-point, system-to-system communication between HP 3000 computers
and communication to IBM systems using Bisync and SNA.
Channel I/O bus adapters
The channel I/O bus (CIB) adapter, or channel adapter, for short,
provides the interface between the precision bus and the CIB. The channel
adapter serves as a high-performance channel multiplexer providing full
DMA for all HP-FL, HP-IB, and LAN I/O Channels and synchronizing the
different speeds and bandwidths of the precision bus and the CIB. DMA
allows large blocks of data to be transferred to and from main memory
with minimum CPU intervention, thereby reducing CPU overhead.
Channel I/O buses
The HP 3000 intermediate systems include one CIB. The Series 948 and 958
also have one precision bus adapter (PBA) as standard equipment. Each
CIB supports up to six cards for interfacing peripheral devices and
providing data communication functions. The CIB provides a 16-bit wide,
bidirectional data path that runs synchronously with a 4-MHz clock.
Precision bus adapter
The precision bus adapter (PBA) is a single card that combines the
functionality of a channel adapter and the channel I/O bus and connects
to a single HP-IB or HP-FL card. The PBA was developed to extend the I/O
capacity for the Series 948 and 958, because of their greater processor
performance. The PBA comes preconfigured with either an HP-IB or an
HP-FL card included. The PBA is not supported on the Series 920, 922,
and 932.
Memory-mapped I/O
Input/output operations are initiated and controlled using a
memory-mapped I/O scheme, such that the processor only needs to access
reserved virtual or physical memory locations to control I/O operations.
Memory-mapped I/O allows for streamlined I/O operations and increases
system performance in I/O intensive applications.
Peripheral connections
Disks, tapes, and printers are connected using an HP-IB channel, which
supports the 8-bit wide, IEEE-488 standard HP-IB. Each HP-IB channel
supports up to six peripheral devices. In addition, external disks can
be connected using HP-FL, a high-speed fiber-optic link with a data
transfer rate of up to 5 Mbytes per second and up to a distance of 500
meters. HP-FL and dual fiber-optic disk drives are required for the
high-availability products, HP Mirrored Disk/XL and HP SPU Switchover/XL.
Workstation and serial connections
Connections for workstations, serial printers, and other serial devices
are provided through DTCs for multiuser systems. DTCs are distributed
over an IEEE-802.3 standard LAN. This flexible connection scheme allows
DTCs to be situated in the department that they serve, saving the cost
and effort of running cables from each workstation back to the processor.
The DTC48 can support up to 48 direct-connect ports, or 36 modem ports,
or a combination of the two. The DTC16 supports 16 direct-connect ports,
or 12 modem ports, or a combination of the two. Both RS-232 and RS-422
interfaces are supported.
PCs can also be connected to the HP 3000 through HP LAN Manager and
Novell NetWare LANs. Physical connections are made with HP EtherTwist, a
LAN scheme that uses unshielded, twisted pair (or phonewire).
Terminal connections are not supported on the standard servers. Instead
all PC workstations are connected to the server using a LAN. Terminal
connections can be added to the server by purchasing an additional
terminal connection software product.
Click here to view figure.
Figure 2-15. HP 3000 Series 948 I/O Attachments
System-to-system data communication
HP NS/XL Network Services provides virtual terminal, network file
transfer, remote file and database access, network interprocess
communication, and remote process management between HP 3000s on an IEEE
802.3 or Ethernet LAN using HP LAN Link/XL, or over wide areas using the
HP DTC X.25 XL Network Link or the HP NS/XL Point-to-Point Link.
For system-to-system, point-to-point communication to other HP 3000s, and
connection to IBM systems via SNA and Bisync, the Programmable Serial PSI
card is connected directly to the Precision Bus.
In multivendor interoperational environments, the HP 3000 supports ARPA
Telnet and FTP, and OSI X.400 messaging services and FTAM.
HP SNA Link/XL and HP BSC Link/XL are provided for HP-to-IBM system
communication in SNA and Bisync environments, respectively. Network
services over these links include HP SNA IMF/XL for SNA 3270 emulation;
HP SNA NRJE/XL for SNA remote job entry; HP LU6.2 API, an LU6.2
program-to-program application interface; HP SNA Distributed Host Command
Facility/XL (HP SNA DHCF/XL) for IBM 3270/PC access to the HP 3000; and
BSC RJE/XL for Bisync remote job entry.
For detailed network information, please refer to Chapter 5 on
"Networks".
System packaging
The HP 3000 900 Series intermediate systems are available in a compact,
attractive cabinet measuring 0.7 meter high and 0.375 meter wide,
comparable in size to a desk-high, two-drawer file cabinet. The cabinet
has been uniquely designed to hold an entire modular system in a small
amount of space, maximizing the efficiency of office or computer room
space. It is capable of holding the SPU, one digital data storage
device, and up to four disk drives. Additional peripherals are supported
external to the system cabinet.
Digital data storage
Digital audio tape (DAT), the latest development in the use of
helical-scan recording technology, provides digitally encoded,
high-quality data storage. The DAT unit stores data on tape using the
digital data storage (DDS) format. This format is used by numerous other
tape drive manufacturers allowing a fully compatible tape drive
technology. The DDS backup unit integrated in the HP 3000 Series 920
through 958 systems store 1.3 Gbytes of data on a standard DAT cassette,
which measures only 73 by 54 by 10.5 mm, slightly smaller than an audio
cassette tape. Up to 4.7 Gbytes can be stored on a single 120-minute
tape using HP TurboSTORE/XL data compression. This large capacity
storage on a single DAT cassette eliminates the need for operator
intervention during backup and offers a convenient and compact storage
medium. High data reliability is achieved through read-after-write and
additional three-level error detection and correction circuitry.
Disk storage
These HP 3000 900 Series systems take advantage of state-of-the-art disk
storage devices by integrating up to four 5 1/4-inch 670-Mbyte disk drive
units into the system, providing 2.7 Gbytes of disk storage. The storage
devices offer reliable, high-capacity, high-performance, random-access
mass storage. This is accomplished by the use of advanced electronics
and by embedding the servo and data information on the same track,
thereby reducing component count and improving reliability. Key features
of the integrated disk drives include:
* High reliability (mean time between failures of over 100,000
hours)
* Enhanced Small Device Interface
* Extensive use of HP's state-of-the-art VLSI processes
Environmental Specifications with Integrated Peripherals
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Regulatory compliance UL-listed, CSA-certified, compliant with
IEC 950
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Electromagnetic Complies with FCC Rules and Regulations, Part 15, Subpart J,
interference as a Class A computing device. Manufacturer's Declaration
to German FTZ 1046.
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Input current Nominal: 100-120V, 50/60 Hz
Range: 90-132 VAC, 47-63 Hz
Maximum: 12A, 200-240V, 50/60 Hz
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Power consumption Series 920 - 1900 BTU/hour
Series 932 - 1580 BTU/hour
Series 958 - 2810 BTU/hour
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Physical dimensions Height: 750 mm (29.5 in.)
Width: 375 mm (14.8 in.)
Depth: 710 mm (27.9 in.)
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Weight 110 kg (244 lb)
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Temperature Operating: 5 degrees to 40 degrees C (41 degrees to 104
degrees F)
Nonoperating: -40 degrees to 70 degrees C (-40 degrees to
158 degrees F)
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Relative humidity Operating: 20 to 80%, noncondensing
Nonoperating: 5 to 80%, noncondensing
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Altitude (operating) Up to 3.0 km (10,000 ft)
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Battery backup time 15 minutes
(minimum)
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Acoustics 5.8 bels sound power (A) below 30 degrees C
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Radiated susceptibility 10 V/m 10 kHz-1 GHz
immunity 3 V/m 14kHz-1GHz
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Conducted susceptibility 3 volts RMS 30 Hz-50 kHz
1 volt RMS 50 kHz-400 MHz
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MPE/iX 5.0 Documentation
HP 3000 Manuals